8/31/16

BUMI DATAR DAN BUKTI EMPIRISNYA



Di bawah ini, kita secara singkat akan bersentuhan dengan beberapa bukti empiris yang mendukung Bumi Datar. Buktibukti ini tidak dimaksudkan untuk menjadi sebuah daftar yang lengkap. Adalah bukan tujuan kami di sini untuk menghadirkan rincian besar mengenai perihal ini.

Jelas tidak ada kelengkungan: Jika Bumi adalah sebuah bola yang memiliki lingkaran 25.000 mil seperti yang diklaim oleh NASA, maka permukaan air seharusnya melengkung ke bawah 8 inci per mil dikalikan dengan kuadrat jaraknya. Ini berbanding lurus dengan penurunan jarak pandang pada tingkat ketinggian obyek yang jauh. Eksperimen yang tak terhitung jumlahnya telah dilakukan untuk menguji hal ini, tapi semua telah gagal untuk menunjukkan adanya kelengkungan. Air selalu selevel dengan sempurna.

Fakta bahwa para surveyor, teknisi, arsitek, geologist, perwira angkatan laut, dll. tidak mempertimbangkan kelengkungan bumi ketika merancang/merencanakan proyek-proyek mereka (Walaupun beberapa orang mengklaim bahwa jembatan tertentu dibangun dengan kelengkungan dalam pikiran, kesalahan dari pendapat ini menjadi jelas ketika seseorang menyadari bahwa air yang ada di bawah jembatan tidak mengikuti kelengkungan jembatan itu. Air selalu menemukan levelnya sendiri; dan itu tidak pernah melengkung)

Fakta bahwa pilot pesawat tidak perlu terus-menerus mencondongkan hidung pesawat mereka ke bawah untuk menjaga mereka tetap berada di ketinggian yang sama dan mencegah mereka terbang ke luar angkasa (yang akan benar-benar diperlukan jika mereka terbang ratusan mil per jam pada sebuah benda bulat).

Fakta bahwa sungai-sungai mengalir melalui jalur yang memiliki rintangan paling kecil, tetapi ditemukan di banyak tempat di dunia sungai mengalir ke atas dan naik melewati bermil-mil ketinggian (Contoh: Sungai Mississippi harus naik 11 mil sebelum mencapai Teluk Meksiko).

Walaupun pernah ada pikiran bahwa kelengkungan Bumi (atau air) yang menyebabkan lambung kapal menghilang saat mereka melakukan perjalanan menjauh dari yang melihatnya, kita sekarang tahu bahwa ini hanya karena "hukum cara pandang". Seluruh kapal yang telah lama menghilang dari pandangan mata telanjang dapat dengan mudah didekatkan kembali dalam pandangan dengan bantuan teleskop atau alat pembesar yang serupa.

Gravitasi belum pernah dibuktikan; gravitasi harus diterima dengan iman demi mendukung model bumi bulat. Gravitasi adalah sesuatu yang telah kita terima begitu saja sebagai kebenaran ketika kita masih anak-anak (karena kita telah didoktrin/dicuci otaknya oleh sistem "pendidikan"), namun pada kenyataannya, teori ini sangat tidak masuk akal. Apakah kita benar-benar percaya bahwa ada kekuatan magis yang disebut "gravitasi" yang begitu kuat melampaui fikiran sehingga dapat memaku seluruh lautan ke Bumi, namun tidak dapat mengatasi awan asap yang paling kecil atau bahkan serangga bersayap terkecil? Apakah kita benar-benar percaya bahwa kekuatan khayalan yang disebut "gravitasi" ini bisa membuat hujan terbalik atau menyebabkan tanaman tumbuh menyamping? ...semuanya tanpa kita menyadarinya? (Kebetulan, mereka yang mempromosikan teori gravitasi juga mengatakan bahwa bumi menggelinding 1.000 mil per jam, saat mengitari matahari dengan kecepatan 67.000 mil per jam, dan melaju melalui alam semesta pada kecepatan 420.000 mil per jam. Namun, anda tidak merasakan bahkan sedikit pun gerakan saat anda duduk di depan komputer anda membaca artikel ini. Ini tidak masuk akal).

Ufuk atau kaki langit selalu muncul di depan mata pengamat (bahkan ketika naik terbang dengan menggunakan pesawat pada ketinggian 30.000 kaki di atas bumi). Tidak pernah ada titik di mana pengamat harus melihat ke bawah untuk menemukan ufuk dari lengkungan bulatan. 

Ufuk atau kaki langit akan selalu terlihat datar secara sempurna. 

Kesulitan yang dituliskan oleh para kapten kapal yang mencoba untuk melayari “belahan bumi selatan” ketika berasumsi bahwa Bumi adalah sebuah bola bulat (Jika Bumi ini bulat, garis bujur akan semakin menyempit karena anda pindah dari khatulistiwa menuju tempat yang diduga "kutub selatan". Namun, pada Bumi datar, garis bujur akan terus melebar mulai dari bagian luar Kutub Utara, yang berarti bahwa garis ini semakin melebar saat anda bergerak ke selatan). 

Laporan oleh para penjelajah pada tahun 1700-an dan 1800-an memperkirakan bahwa mereka telah melintasi lebih dari 50.000 mil ketika mencoba untuk mengelilingi Antartika, yang sebenarnya adalah merupakan cincin es terluar di Bumi yang Datar (misalnya: James Cook, James Clark Ross, ekspedisi "Penantang" Inggris). Ingatlah bahwa, menurut NASA, bola dunia ini hanya memiliki lingkaran sejauh 25.000 mil. 

Fakta bahwa benda-benda yang jauh, bahkan ketika pandangan dengan mata telanjang membuat benda itu nampak berada di atas ufuk, tidak tampak menjauh dengan condong di mata para pengamat (yang harus terjadi jika benda itu melewati dugaan titik kelengkungan pada Bumi bulat). Pada sebuah bola Bumi di bawah kekuatan "gravitasi", balon udara panas akan nampak condong ke belakang karena balon itu terbang ke atas langit menjauh dari pengamat, membuat bagian bawah dari keranjangnya semakin terlihat.

Laporan bahwa Polaris (Bintang Utara) telah terlihat di arah selatan sejauh 20 derajat Lintang Selatan, namun yang diduga bintang Kutub Selatan (Sigma Octantis) tidak konsisten terlihat dari setiap garis bujur bahkan di khatulistiwa (dan anomali-anomali rasi bintang lainnya yang dapat dilihat) 

Pola cuaca dan arus laut lebih masuk akal di Bumi datar: Peta Kesamaan Jarak Azimut

Fakta bahwa NASA (sebuah serikat militer rahasia) tidak pernah menghasilkan sebuah foto Bumi yang sebenarnya,
NASA secara terbuka mengakui bahwa gambar-gambar mereka diciptakan dengan data komputer; gambar-gambar itu bukan foto. Ketika Robert Simmon, sang visualisi dan perancang dari NASA ditanya, "Apa hal paling keren yang pernah anda lakukan sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan anda di Goddard?" dia menjawab: "Terakhir kali ada orang yang mengambil foto dari atas orbit Bumi rendah yang menunjukkan seluruh belahan (satu sisi dari sebuah bola) adalah pada tahun 1972 selama Apollo 17. Satelit-satelit pada Sistem Observasi Bumi milik NASA (EOS) telah dirancang untuk memberikan laporan kondisi kesehatan Bumi. Pada tahun 2002, kami akhirnya memiliki data yang cukup untuk membuat sebuah foto dari keseluruhan bumi. Jadi kami yang membuatnya. Bagian yang sulit adalah menciptakan sebuah peta datar dari permukaan bumi dengan menggunakan data satelit dalam kurun waktu empat bulan. Reto Stockli, sekarang bertugas di Kantor Meteorologi dan Klimatologi Swiss, melakukan banyak pekerjaan ini. Kemudian kami membungkuskan peta datar itu di sekeliling sebuah bola. Bagian saya adalah membentuk permukaan, awan, dan lautan untuk memenuhi harapan orang banyak tentang bagaimana Bumi terlihat dari luar angkasa. Bola itu menjadi Bola Pualam Biru yang terkenal. Saya sangat senang dengan itu tetapi tidak tahu seberapa luas itu akan tersebar. Kami tidak pernah berpikir itu akan menjadi sebuah model. Saya pasti tidak pernah berpikir bahwa saya akan menjadi "Tn. Pualam Biru". Dari saat itu kami memperbarui peta dasar dengan meningkatkan resolusi dan, pada tahun 2004, kami membuat serangkaian peta bulanan". (http://www.nasa.gov/centers/Elohimdard/about/people/RSimmon.html) 
Bagaimana gambar "pualam biru" dari Bumi diciptakan? Menurut NASA, sebuah "peta datar" diciptakan dari data yang dianggap data satelit dan kemudian dibungkuskan "di sekeliling sebuah bola". Gambar itu kemudian dipoles hingga "sesuai dengan harapan masyarakat tentang bagaimana bumi terlihat dari ruang angkasa". 

8/27/16

HYDROGEOLOGY



BOOK:-- Hydrogeology: Principles and Practice, 2nd edition
By:-- [K.M. Hiscock, V.F. Bense, 2014] 

| English | PDF | 23 MB | 544 pages | 2014 |

*CONTENTS:---
Ch.1: Introduction
Ch.2: Physical hydrogeology
Ch.3: Groundwater and geological processes
Ch.4: Chemical hydrogeology
Ch.5: Environmental isotope hydrogeology
Ch.6: Groundwater and catchment processes
Ch.7: Groundwater investigation techniques
Ch.8: Groundwater quality and contaminant hydrogeology
Ch.9: Groundwater pollution remediation and protection
Ch.10: Groundwater resources and environmental management

*OVERVIEW:---
Hydrogeology: Principles and Practice provides a comprehensive introduction to the study of hydrogeology to enable the reader to appreciate the significance of groundwater in meeting current and future water resource challenges. This new edition has been thoroughly updated to reflect advances in the field since 2004.
The book presents a systematic approach to understanding groundwater. This accessible textbook is essential reading for undergraduate and graduate students primarily in earth sciences, environmental sciences and physical geography with an interest in hydrogeology or groundwater science.

DOWNLOAD
http://www.mediafire.com/view/vww510vnv42fdys/Hydrogeology%2C_principles_and_practice_%282nd_ed.%29_%5BK.M._Hiscock_%26_V.F._Bense%2C_2014%5D_%40Geo_Pedia.pdf

8/11/16

POLLEN MORPHOLOGY



Referensi : Hesse dkk, 2009, Pollen Termimology An illustrated Handbook, Springer, NYK.











7/18/16

BENEFICIATION OF PHOSPHATE ORE

An Introduction Ocean Remote Sensing Second edition



http://www.slideshare.net/marchmono/an-introduction-to-ocean-remote-sensing-2nd-ed-s-martin-2014

TEST FUNCTION FORAMINIFERA (FUNGSI TEST/CANGKANG FORAMINIFERA)

TEST FUNCTION FORAMINIFERA
(FUNGSI TEST/CANGKANG FORAMINIFERA)


Operculina ammonoides (Source: Marchel Monoarfa )
The evolutionary and ecological success of Foraminifera depends in part on the functional significance of the test. However, some agglutinated Foraminifera can live as naked organisms outside the test (Astrorhiza limicola: Schultz, 1915; Buchanan and Hedley, 1960; Christiansen, 1971; Cedhagen, 1988; Iridia: Cushman, 1922; Astrammina rara: Bowser and Delaca, 1985). Such forms may be in between growth stages for when they are supplied with detrital material, Astrammina soon makes a new test. Indeed, Cedhagen and Tendal (1989) suggest that juveniles of this species smaller than 1.5mm in size might live without a test. Individuals of Astrammina rara from which the test was experimentally removed soon formed a new one (Bowser et al.,
1995).
There are morphological features of the test that may be of functional importance (see reviews by Hallock et al., 1991 and Hottinger, 2000) but experimental evidence supporting functional interpretations of specific morphological features is still very sparse. Six possible functions for the test as a whole have so far been proposed although, as discussed below, the results areinconclusive (Marszalek et al., 1969; Murray, 1991).
1.      To provide shelter. The test gives protection against unfavourable environmental conditions and, in addition, some species close their test openings for several hours by sealing them with debris. The organic lining of calcareous tests is the ultimate defence against low pH as Bradshaw (1961) showed that Ammonia ‘beccarii’ survived pH 2.0 for 111 4 h even though dissolution of the test took place. Spirillina vivipara, which lacks an organic lining, did not survive. Marszalek et al. speculated that chambered tests, such as that of Quinqueloculina, would give protection against sudden osmotic changes but this was shown by experiment not always to be true (Murray, 1968a). There may be some protection against certain wavelengths of light in shallow waters (Haynes, 1965; Banner and Williams, 1973).
2.      To serve as a receptacle for excreted matter. There are two aspects to excretion. It is known that some foraminifera store the waste products (stercomata or xanthosomes) in their test (Tendal, 1979). However, others consider that the test itself may be a consequence of excretion (e.g., the organic lining: Banner et al., 1973; or removal of toxic Ca2þ, Brasier, 1986).
3.      To aid reproduction. There is no direct evidence that the test is of particular use during reproduction (except that some parent tests are partially dissolved to supply material for the offspring).
4.      To control buoyancy. It is likely that the density of the soft parts is similar to that of seawater. In high-energy environments tests are commonly heavy and robust and, since they are made of material much denser than the seawater they displace, they counteract any buoyancy of the soft parts. Also, in many environments individuals gather detrital particles in their reticulopodia while feeding, as camouflage and possibly as additional counter buoyancy aids.
5.      To offer protection from predators. There is no direct evidence of this. Some species are more conspicuous because of their form or colour and are therefore preferentially selected by predators.
6.      To assist growth of the cell. Foraminiferal cells are relatively large and some exceed 3 cm . The test serves as a container that not only houses the cell but also provides additional space that may be used for growth or for storage, e.g., of stercomata (Mullineaux, 1987). In active individuals the test is incompletely filled with cytoplasm but when the reticulopodia are withdrawn into the test it may become filled. In the large form, Alveolinella quoyi, on average only 43% of the test is filled (Severin and Lipps, 1989) and deep-sea forms have highly vacuolated cytoplasm filling only part of the test. In shallow-water environments rich in food, the test is normally filled with dense cytoplasm.

The six possible functions of the test are not mutually exclusive. It is clear that some of the features of the test described by taxonomists as ‘ornament’ are definitely functional. Tubercles and structures such as teeth in the aperture serve to break up aggregates of food and detritus, ribs channel the extrathalamous cytoplasm (Banner and Culver, 1978; Kitazato, 1990; Bernhard and Bowser, 1999) and spines support pseudopodia and help stabilise the test on soft substrates. Some rotaliids have a canal system that replaces primary and secondary apertures and allows communication between the chambers and the test surface for the extrusion of extrathalamous cytoplasm and reticulopodia, for removing waste products and for release of juveniles during reproduction (Ro¨ ttger et al., 1984).

7/15/16

MARSH FORAMINIFERA

There is no fundamental difference in the low-diversity foraminiferal assemblages of marshes and mangals. The characteristic feature is the abundance of agglutinated taxa (Figure 4.1). In pre-1978 references by various authors, the forms now distinguished as Jadammina macrescens and Balticammina pseudomacrescens were not separated and were commonly grouped under Jadammina or Trochammina macrescens. Species may be infaunal or epifaunal, the latter mainly free living but sometimes clinging to algal filaments. They are a mixture of detritivores and herbivores. Siphotrochammina lobata and Trochammina inflata are epiphytic on algae in Brazilian mangrove swamps (Eichler et al., 1995). Trochammina inflata forms a rigid cyst of detrital material in which asexual reproduction takes place. Within the cyst it concentrates fine detrital particles that will be used to form the wall of the juveniles. Within 24 hours of forming a cyst, the juveniles are dispersed (Angell, 1990). Living Jadammina macrescens and Balticammina pseudomacrescens occur with random orientation on filamentous algae whereas Tiphotrocha comprimata is more firmly attached by its umbilical side. Jadammina macrescens is most abundant on the decaying leaves of Carex (Alve and Murray, 1999). Miliammina fusca sometimes occur aperture downwards on dead leaves. This author has never observed foraminifera on the stems of the living halophytes. With the exception of Miliammina fusca, the agglutinated species listed above are confined to marsh/mangal. However, although calcareous species from adjacent tidal flats and subtidal areas may extend onto low to mid marshes and sometimes occur in high abundance, none is confined to marsh/mangal: Ammonia group, Elphidium spp. and Haynesina germanica (Figure 4.2). Marsh foraminifera have been recorded living in areas not connected to the sea. For instance, in northern Germany there are inland marshes where saltrich waters come to the surface from underlying evaporite deposits and these have a fauna solely of Jadammina macrescens (as Jadammina polystoma, Haake, 1982). In Canada Polysaccammina ipohalina and Balticammina pseudomacrescens (as Jadammina macrescens) have been recorded living in salt springs (Patterson et al., 1990) and a new species has been recorded from Lake Winnipegosis

Figure 4.1. Scanning electron micrographs of marsh agglutinated foraminifera (longest dimension, mm). 1. Ammoastuta salsa (400). 2. Ammotium salsum (620, 200). 3. Arenoparrella mexicana (315, 350, 220). 4. Haplophragmoides wilberti (395, 300). 5. Balticammina pseudomacrescens (370, 340, 500). 6. Jadammina macrescens (250, 260, 400). 7. Paratrochammina guaratibaensis (400, 210, 230). 8. Siphotrochammina lobata (385, 290, 275). 9. Trochammina inflata (460, 430, 460). 10. Miliammina fusca (350, 220, 425).

Figure 4.2. Scanning electron micrographs of lagoon foraminifera (longest dimension, mm). 1. Elphidium albiumbilicatum (120, 150). 2. Elphidium clavatum (400, 420). 3. Elphidium delicatulum (285, 285). 4. Elphidium excavatum (300, 310). 5. Elphidium galvestonense (325, 325). 6. Elphidium granosum (420, 275). 7. Elphidium gunteri (200, 450). 8. Elphidium lidoense (390, 440). 9. Elphidium poeyanum (290, 350). 10. Elphidium subarcticum (440, 510). 11. Elphidium williamsoni (330, 410). 12. Elphidiella hannai (240). 13. Haynesina germanica (420, 470). 14. Haynesina nivea (180, 200). 15. Haynesina orbiculare (450, 450).
 (Patterson and McKillop, 1991). It is considered likely that the foraminifera were transported inland on the feet of migrating sea birds.

Refrensi :Ecology and Aplications of Benthik Foraminifera, John Murray, 2006, Cambridge University Press.

7/10/16

BOOK:-- Sand Mining: environmental impacts and selected case studies.



EDITORS:-- [D. Padmalal, K. Maya, 2014] 

| English | PDF | 11 MB | 162 pages | 2014 |

CONTENTS:---
Ch.1. Introduction
Ch.2. Rivers-Structure and Functions
Ch.3. River Sand Mining and Mining Methods
Ch.4. Impacts of River Sand Mining
Ch.5. Sand Mining: The World Scenario
Ch.6. Environmental Case Studies from SW India
Ch.7. EIA of River Sand Mining
Ch.8. Mining Strategies and Management
Ch.9. River Sand Auditing: An Example from SW India
Ch.10. Sand: The Fine Aggregate
Ch.11. Sources of Sand and Conservation

OVERVIEW:---
This book addresses most of the environmental impacts of sand mining from small rivers The problems and solutions addressed in this book are applicable to all rivers that drain through densely populated tropical coasts undergoing rapid economic growth.

http://www.mediafire.com/view/0457dwsq1waxa01/Sand_Mining%2C_Environmental_Impacts_and_Case_Studies_%5B_D._Padmalal%2C_K._Maya%2C_2014%5D_%40Geo_Pedia.pdf

BOOK:--Time Matters: Geology's Legacy to Scientific Thought



EDITORS:-- [Michael Leddra, 2010]

| English | PDF | 6 MB | 288 pages | 2010 |

CONTENTS:---
Ch.1. Introduction
Ch.2. Geological time
Ch.3. Dating rocks
Ch.4. The origins of the geological time scale
Ch.5. Plutonism versus Neptunism
Ch.6. Uniformitarianism versus Catastrophism
Ch.7. Evolution
Ch.8. Evolution versus Creationism
Ch.9. Continental Drift and Plate Tectonics
Ch.10. What have we learnt?

OVERVIEW:---
Time Matters provides an invaluable insight into the background behind some of the key concepts we use in Earth science today. It shows the historical context in which these ideas were developed, the important contributions of individual scientists and thinkers, and how these ideas continue to shape our view of science and the world in which we live.
The book covers subjects such as the age of the earth, catastrophism vs uniformitarianism, evolution vs creationism, plutonism vs neptunism, continental drift and plate tectonics.

download
http://www.mediafire.com/download/ml1i0pm7tgwdg27/Time_Matters%2C_Geology%27s_Legacy_to_Scientific_Thought_%5BM._Leddra%2C_2010%5D_%40Geo_Pedia.pdf

6/28/16

BOOK:-- Landslides: Causes, Types and Effects


EDITORS:-- [E.D. Werner, H.P. Friedman, 2010
OVERVIEW:---
A landslide is a geological phenomenon which includes a wide range of ground movement, such as rock falls, deep failure of slopes and shallow debris flows, which can occur in offshore, coastal and onshore environments. Although the action of gravity is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, there are other contributing factors affecting the original slope stability. Typically, pre-conditional factors build up specific sub-surface conditions that make the area/slope prone to failure, whereas the actual landslide often requires a trigger before being released. This book discusses such triggers, as well as their outcomes. Studies of landslides that have occurred in various geographical settings are also among the topics examined in this book, as well as an analysis of the factors that caused them
http://www.mediafire.com/download/omq1gtl24zvq21r/Landslides%2C_causes%2C_types_and_effects_%5BE.D._Werner%2C_H.P._Friedman%2C_2010%5D_%40Geo_Pedia.pdf

BOOK:-- Well Logging in Nontechnical Language, 2nd ed.


EDITORS:-- [D.E. Johnson, K.E. Pile, 2006] 
CONTENTS:---
Ch.1. INTRODUCTION TO LOGGING
Ch.2. READING LOGS
Ch.3. FORMATION PARAMETERS 
Ch.4. MUD LOGGING
Ch.5. RESISTIVITY MEASUREMENT
Ch.6. POROSITY MEASUREMENTS
Ch.7. PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER
Ch.8. DETAILED INTERPRETATION
Ch.9. COMPUTER-GENERATED LOGS INTERPRETATIONS
Ch.10. BEYOND WATER SATURATION
Ch.11. COMPLETION LOGS 
Ch.12. MONITORING THE WELL AND RESERVOIR

OVERVIEW:---
An update of the PennWell classic nontechnical guide to logging techniques, this text provides an easy to understand overview of the technically complex subject of well logging.

This text provides an easy-to-understand overview of the technically complex subject of well logging. This book will be very useful to bankers, landmen, geology and engineering technicians, clerks, secretaries, and others who need a basic understanding of well logs to perform their jobs.
http://www.mediafire.com/download/1v70iqdiktanrbp/Well_Logging_in_Nontechnical_Language_%282nd_ed.%29_%5BJohnson_%26_Pile%2C_2002%5D_%40Geo_Pedia.pdf

Featured Post

TEKNIK DETERMINASI

Siapkan perlengkapan untuk determinasi sebagai berikut: Mikroskop binokuler Tray yang berlubang-lubang kecil dengan dasar h...