Pseudo Fossil

Natural events can often be traced to that seen in the rock record that can be regarded as a pseudo fossils. The appearance among others;
Ripple marks: show never happened flow of water or wind, indicated by the shape of the cross maze that looks at rock bedding. The appearance of this kind commonly found in fine grained sandstones.
Mudcrack: show once the weather changes from dry conditions. The appearance of such common in claystone.
Raindrop impresions: indicates that the area was never rains. The appearance of such common in claystone and sandstone
Slicken slide: show never happened friction between moving field. On the surface of the rocks found seemed gore-scratches. Terapat surface that is scratch-scratch relatively hard. The appearance of this kind can be found in mudstone or shale

(PALEONTOLOGI) FOSIL SEMU

 FOSIL SEMU

Peristiwa alam sering juga dapat dirunut dengan rekaman yang terlihat di batuan hal tersebut dapat dikatakan sebagai fosil semu. Kenampakan tersebut antara lain;

Ripple marks          : menunjukan pernah terjadi aliran air atau tiupan angin, ditunjukan oleh bentuk silang siur yang tampak pada perlapisan batuan. Kenampakan seperti ini umum  ditemukan pada batupasir berbutir halus.

Mudcrack   : menunjukan pernah terjadi perubahan cuaca dari kondisi kering. Kenampakan seperti itu umum dijumpai pada batulempung.

Raindrop impresions : menunjukan bahwa di daerah itu pernah terjadi hujan. Kenampakan seperti itu umum dijumpai pada batulempung dan batupasir

Slicken slide : menunjukan pernah terjadi gesekan antar bidang yang bergerak. Pada permukaan batuan ditemukan tampak gore-goresan. Permukan yang terapat gores-goresan tersebut relative menjadi keras. Kenampakan seperti ini dapat ditemukan pada batulempung atau serpih

STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS Paleontology: A VARIATION IN THE KNOW ANY TYPE OF LIFE IN TAXONOMY

STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS Paleontology: A VARIATION IN THE KNOW ANY TYPE OF LIFE IN TAXONOMY

In studying the lives especially in paleontology needed just a standard known as type. Type is often written with the word type, is something that is used as a reference to identify a type of life in the taxonomy. In paleontology very decisive role types and is used as a standard or benchmark or reference in the description.
Some types of terms that need to be studied, among others;

Type Specimen: a combination of said specimen and specimen type for the purpose, which examined the fossil material / obtained, and the type meant something that is used as a standard. Type specimens, fossil specimens were examined intended and used as a standard.
Spciotype, is a type of fossil that is used as a standard naming species concerned. Something similar genotypes arise term, subspeciotype.
Holotype, is a fossil specimen used as the basis for the description of a new species concerned. The holotype of observations about the nature of the fossils obtained. The holotype hereinafter stored dimuseum, as a scientific document. Bristish museum of natural history, in London, England; Cushman foraminifera research laboratory in the United States; to Utrecht University in The Hague, Netherlands; laboratory of Paleontologia geologia padofa in Italy; geology directorate Bandung, Indonesia, are examples of place names are given legality to save the holotype.
Apabilah later, there are researchers who want to see the truth of the description and the form of the object, the researchers can borrow or see the specimen.
Museotype; is an example of a specimen that is stored in the museum, as a scientific document. Anyone can see and borrow to be used as scientific research. Type specimens are stored as musetype, shall be given a catalog number, the scientific name of the fossil is concerned, the name of the inventor, the year of discovery, full description, the magazine publishing, the name of the magazine for the first time publish new discoveries, are on page number, and number plate and drawings of fossils in question.
Type reference, is referenced (magazine) who first published his discovery of new fossils. (please see the book Postuma)
Neotype, is a substitute apabilah holotype specimen is damaged or missing
Syntype, are the same type and have the same value in the nomenclature
Typeseries, is the number of specimens that show or have the same appearance or as variations
Lectotype, is a specimen that was chosen by other researchers (not the inventor) which is then used as the basis for the description, with a belief that the scientific value in the taxonomy / nomenclature together with the holotype. Examples of fossils in the description by a student in the laboratory, is nothing but a lectotype
Topotype, the location where the holotype, neotype and syntype obtained. Thus apabilah topotype, neotype and syntype missing then as his successor sought lectotype of topotype same.

8 BIG EVENTS THAT OCCURRED AT THE END OF THE AGE CARTECEOUS

8 BIG EVENTS THAT OCCURRED AT THE END OF THE AGE CARTECEOUS
According to Walker and Geissman (2009), Ka? Pur End is the last stage of the life Pratersier covering the time interval anta? Ra 99.6 to 65.5 million years ago. This means that when it takes approximately 34.1 million years. Kala includes six levels sequentially from the old to the young is: Cenomanian (99.6 to 93.5 Mya.), Turonian (93.5 - 89.3 Mya.), Coniacian (89.3 - 85.8 Mya.), Santonian (85.8 - 83.5 Mya.), Campanian (83.5 to 70.6 Mya.) and Maastrichtian (70.6 - 65.5 Mya.). During this period, the climate is warmer than now, although in general show a cooling trend.
Some important geological events occurred in the Late Cretaceous, which include:

Anoxic events that occur at the Cenomanian / Turonian (Bonarelli events) associated with a number of marine species extinction event (Kara? Kitsios DRR., 2007).

A long period of normal polarity on Coniacian (Cretaceous Magnetic Quiet Zone) (Ogg and Bardot, 2001)

Iridium anomaly increased Dras? Tis up to 200 times the normal value at the peak of the Cretaceous Maastrichtian or limit / Tertiary (K / T boundary) (Keller DRR., 2004)

Laramide Orogeny, namely the removal of a massive event on the ham? Pir all parts of the world, among others, form a series of the Himalayas and the Rocky Mountain (De? Celles, 2004).

Giant meteor falling evidenced by the Chicxulub crater in the Yucatan of Mexico with a diameter of about 280 km (Alvarez DRR., 1980) and Shiva crater in the Arabian Sea with a diameter of about 600 km (Nayak, 2002).

Supervolcano erupted in India (Deccan traps) (Nayak, 2002).

Fire, In the Cretaceous in addressing find any indication that a great fire which resulted in the extinction of most organisms. (Monoarfa Marchel, 2014)

Mass extinction of many groups of organisms, including ammonites, genuine, bellemnites, rudistid, and se? Large part of the group of diatoms, dinoflagellates, brakhiopoda, molluscs, echinoid, foraminifera, and nanoplank? Tonnes (Keller DRR., 2004).

DEVELOPMENT NANOPLANKTON IN THE END TIMES LIME

DEVELOPMENT NANOPLANKTON IN THE END TIMES LIME

Late Cretaceous sediments common? Its rich nanoplankton because at that age, nanoplankton has a very wide geographical deployment and largely preserved in sediments. Nanoplankton in many cross-section set sediments are generally dominated by Genera Watznaueria, Micula, Arkhan? Gelskiella, Cribrosphaerella, Eiffellithus, Predicosphaera, and Retecapsa.
No fluctuation significant progress in addition to the emergence and extinction of some species which occurs gradually in the Late Cretaceous age intervals. The most dramatic development would occur at the peak of the Late Cretaceous (K / T boundry), when set nanoplankton very abundant and diverse changes immediately upon entering the Tertiary age to be very rare and not as diverse as se? Big part of mass extinction. According to Bown (1999), twelve species of eleven genera successfully passed the K / T boundry. Meanwhile, the results of research Panuju (2009) one of the cross section of the wells in the Santos of Brazil revealed that 94% of species have become extinct nanoplankton Late Cretaceous, leaving only 6% of survivors when entering Tertiary meli? Puti seven species of the total abundance of only 21 specimens, ie Braar? dosphaera bigelowii, Biscutum melaniae, Neocrepidolithus neocrassus, Placozygus sigmoides, Cyclagelosaphaera reinhardtii, Markalius inversus, and Scapolithus fossilis.

(PALEONTOLOGY ) STANDART ACUAN BAKU PALEONTOLOGY : VARIASI SUATU TIPE DALAM MENGENAL SUATU JENIS KEHIDUPAN DALAM TAKSONOMI

ZAMAN KAPUR

8PERISTIWA BESAR YANG TERJADI PADA ZAMAN KAPUR AKHIR

(MIKROPALEONTOLOGI) PERKEMBANGAN NANOPLANK TON DI ZAMAN KAPUR AKHIR

PERKEMBANGAN NANOPLANK TON DI ZAMAN KAPUR AKHIR

Sedimen berumur Kapur Akhir umum nya kaya akan nanoplankton karena pada umur tersebut, nanoplankton mempunyai penyebaran geografi yang sangat luas dan sebagian besar terawetkan dalam sedimen. Kumpulan nanoplankton pada banyak penampang sedimen umumnya didominasi oleh Genera Watznaueria, Micula, Arkhan gelskiella, Cribrosphaerella, Eiffellithus, Predicosphaera, dan Retecapsa.

Tidak ada fluktuasi perkembangan yang menonjol selain kemunculan dan kepunahan beberapa spesies yang terjadi secara gradual pada interval umur Kapur Akhir. Perkembangan paling dramatis justru terjadi pada puncak Kapur Akhir (K/T boundry), ketika kumpulan nanoplankton yang sangat melimpah dan beragam berubah seketika pada saat memasuki umur Tersier menjadi sangat jarang dan tidak beragam karena se bagian besar mengalami kepunahan massal. Menurut Bown (1999), dua belas spesies dari sebelas genera berhasil melewati K/T boundry. Sementara itu, hasil penelitian Panuju (2009) salah satu penampang sumur di Santos Brazil mengungkapkan bahwa 94% spesies nanoplankton Kapur Akhir telah punah dan hanya menyisakan 6% survivor saat memasuki Tersier yang meli puti tujuh spesies dengan total kelimpahan hanya mencapai 21 spesimen, yaitu Braar dosphaera bigelowii, Biscutum melaniae, Neocrepidolithus neocrassus, Placozygus sigmoides, Cyclagelosaphaera reinhardtii, Markalius inversus, dan Scapolithus fossilis.

"CROCODILE" megafauna AGE JURA TIME LIAS IS STILL LIVES UP NOW

"CROCODILE" megafauna AGE JURA TIME LIAS  IS STILL LIVES UP NOW

 According to the geological time scale published by the zoology museum is divided into three age jura when starting from the oldest, namely: Lias, Doger and Halm. Has been ongoing since that time approximately 155 million yrs with state of being alive; toothed birds first appeared, the giant reptiles; sharks, fish and shellfish modern and soft weather climates, many terrestrial dinosaurs and giant sea birds and also toothed.
From the data above can be said that the introduction jura age presenting something big. Large dinosaurs, as well as the giant crocodile. From the age crocodile fossils known jura jura zman first long crocodile can reach 9 feet. If crocodile amount was still alive, cows can be swallowed.
Of fossils in Europe and Venezuela, the geologist (Paleontologist) from various countries to find a sign that turns ancient crocodile often duel with long-necked dinosaurs (Brontosaurus, Pleisosaurus and his family) are also giant tortoise. From research experts Endiburgh University known ancient saltwater crocodile predators in the oceans that devour a giant tortoise.
Through the reconstruction of ancient crocodile shape with reference to the findings on the macro fossils. Jura age megafauna type crocodile is enormous. If crocodiles are now able to catch animals or humans on the ground at high speed, you can imagine if crocodile jura era still alive. According to the daily mail newspaper in the People's Sovereignty, ancient crocodile found in Europe and the incoming species in Egypt's Nile crocodile 5,5-6 meters in length, but it is larger than the largest saltwater crocodile ever found today. Two other species 8 -9.3 meters long. All three live in the days of Jura.
A number of fossils that be evidence of ancient animal fossils giant macro-old at the end of the Triassic stored in Venezuealan Instiute for Scientific Research.
For residents in the bay Normanton Queensland Australia, see crocodiles common. And a hunter never happened about 60 years ago shot dead crocodile 8.64 meters and more recently in the river that flows through the city Normantom, a fisherman photographing crocodile tail length equal to the length of the boat, which is 3.8 meters.
Mesosikum period, Triassic age, Jura and lime, contains many secrets yet to be revealed, the one about the extinction of animals at the end of the Cretaceous. Is it true that the dinosaur (smallish / large) have become extinct at that time or they evolve?.
Many witness who said that they never saw one species of giant dinosaur, but without evidence of testimony is equal to zero / fairy tale. However, the presence of crocodiles animals can give us an idea as to what the real shape of animals whose ancestors had lived in the days of Jura. Animals (crocodile) which is able to live for 5 days of giving evidence to us that this animal is so strong with high adaptability.
Animals are able to adapt to a minimum in two worlds (land and water) will be able to survive, compared with animals / species that only live in one environment.
Crocodiles have proved it and the existing data support the truth. They are able to live from time to time, age to age without having to evolve into another form.

DARWIN'S THEORY OF THE CHRISTIAN FAITH IN ACCORDANCE

DARWIN'S THEORY OF THE CHRISTIAN FAITH IN ACCORDANCE
 
Pope John Paul II once supported the theory of evolution with the theory states according to the Christian faith. The statement was welcomed by the scientists are but chances antagonize religious circles.
Papal recognition that evolution is "more than just a theory" contained in his written message conveyed in the siding of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, a body of experts tasked with providing consideration and input to the Roman Catholic Church on scientific issues.
Vatican's first substantive response to the theory outlined in the encyclical "Humani Generis" (Virtue Man) written in 1950 by pope Pius XII. The encyclical was expressed no objection to discuss the theory of evolution with caution. Therefore, the theory used by the hands of the communists to eliminate God.
Pope, John Paul II, had previously supported the 1950 document. He said the main problem is that "if the human body (body) material derived from pre-existing life, the human soul created by God".
However, the pope also said, "Today, nearly a century after the publication of the encyclical, new knowledge leading to the recognition of the theory of evolution is more than just a hypothesis.

new breakthrough
Although the pope stated clearly that he considers that the human soul as a divine creation, and without going through the process, but the statement was made headlines in Italian newspapers. Pope's statement is a new breakthrough.
"Pope says we may descendants of apes" is written in the conservative daily, Giornale "on the first page, the daily la republica stated, the pope made peace with Darwin.
The theory of evolution in particular found by prominent English naturalist Charles Robert Darwin in the 19th century, until now regarded by the Catholic Church as a serious discussion and valuable, but it remains an open statement.
"The theory was truly remarkable because this theory began to grow from the minds of the researchers after a series of discoveries made by the different fields of science," the pope said.
Darwin's theories and the other evolutionary origin of humans during this forbidden by the theologians, because they see that the theory is at odds with the story of creation in the book of creation and the story of Adam and Eve in the garden of paradise. Most theologians no longer believe that the doctrine of God created the world and humans in his image.
Fudamentalis Christians who respond book by harafia Creation known as "the Creationists" reopen a controversy, especially in the Southern United States.
In Tennessee, where John Scopes (a teacher) once fined 100 dollars for teaching evolution in class, there is a bill that would ban the teaching of evolution as fact. But the bill was just a bit of legislative support, earlier this year. Courts in Tennessea were known as the "Court Apes".
Scientists say there Pope recognition as an important advance, although some of them say, the recognition appears late

PART 2 Paleogeography And Faunal Dispersal LATE QUATERNARY TECTONICS AND FAUNAL INSULARITY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

PART 2

LATE QUATERNARY TECTONICS AND FAUNAL INSULARITY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Paleogeography And Faunal Dispersal

 

Faunal interchange from one area to the other is possible by way of several types of migration routes as suggested by dermitzakis and Sondaar (1978) as follow :

1. If the faunal interchanges takes place along abroad land conections then this latter is called a corridor. Most the animals can migrate from one area to the other at a time when the land conections exist. In this case there is a balanced fauna in both areas. If the fossil materials on an island indicate a balanced fauna similar to the mainland then the island should have been connected to the mainland then the island should have been connected to the mainland via a corridor in a certain geological period.
2. If the migration can be carried out by some animals but definitely impossible for others then this type of interchange is called a filter dispersal. In this case the dispersal occurs in both directions along a land bridge or other restricted environments such as a peninsula or disconnected part of the area having many barriers, and it take place when the filter bridge is available. In this connection a balanced, but impoverished, fauna exists on the island with a certain percentage of endemic species.
3. If the way of migration is impossible for most of the mainland animals, and very improbable for some species though it may occur accidently, then this type of migration is called a sweepstake. The barriers for this kind of migration could have been a wide sea and it usually takes place in one direction. The fauna of island has an unbalanced character.
4. Another type of migration is called a pendel route. This type of interchange can be carried out easely by some animals but is very difficult for others. The migration takes place in both directions and carried out by good swimmers as well as by flyers, and only when the barrier is not too difficult or is only a narrow channel. The island fauna of this type of migration is unbalanced with species originating from the mainland. In this connection the faunal population of the island will zoogeographically not be isolated from the mainland and in this case endemic forms will not formed on the island.

Although four different types of faunal interchange are suggested as above, overlapping can easely occurs between them. Another very important phenomena, which can be a decisive factor in defining what type of dispersal had taken place in past geological periods were tectonic movements of the earth crust, climatological changes of our globe, sea level fluctuations, and fossilization processes which were subjected to the animal remains. The kinds of fossilizations may destroy, or obliterate entirely, the existence of faunal remains,

Inconnection with faunal dispersal, Azzaroli (1978:17) also suggested that very likely animals do not venter outside their natural environments and their sources of food. For instance no elephas, cervus or hippopotamus will ever go out to swim in the open sea where they know there is no food supply for their existence.

It seems there is a connection between paleogeographic changes and faunal dispersals during the Pleistocene period in southeast asia. This can be seen especially in wallacea region between sunda and sahul shelf.

Towards the end of the upper Pliocene the socalled untere wirbeltier horizont of the kaliglagah fauna is found in Bumiayu region of central java. Characteristic for this fauna is mastodon bumiajuensis. There is also a report mentioning abaout the existence of mastodon bumiajuensis in sangiran (central Java), which is regarded as originating from the corbicula bed of fresh water facies. Another locality of late Pleistocene terrestrial fauna is found in walacea area of south Sulawesi, the socalled archidiscodont-celebochoerus fauna. Based on planktonic foraminifera of the bad directly underlying this fauna its age should be N.19-20. The mixture of terrestrial and marine faunas in sangiran and bumiayu area during the same period. Probably the mixture of the twofacially distinct faunas had something to do with the onset…..

PART 1 Introduction LATE QUATERNARY TECTONICS AND FAUNAL INSULARITY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

PART 1

LATE QUATERNARY TECTONICS AND FAUNAL INSULARITY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA

Introduction

 

Evolution of faunal populations seem to be controlled by nature and nurture. Failure to comply with these factors could result in extinction of the faunal elements. Changes in natural conditions are primarily the results of geologicl and climatological phenomena.

The Pleistocene epoch spanning a time of about 2 million years BP had witnessed catastrophic and turbulent periods. Volcanic activities, tectonic up- as well as downwarp movements, also changes in climatological conditions had strong influences on the faunal populations of the epoch. Extinctions, migratory movements, dispearsals and paleogeographic isolations followed by insularities were the order of the day.

Changes in the Pleistocene paleogeographies of Sunda and Banda arc regions having a strong influence on evolution and extinction of faunal and human populations in the southeast Asian region.

To be Continue Part 2…………………………………………… Paleogeography And Faunal Dispersal