Revising the story of the dispersal of modern humans across Eurasia

Technological advances and multidisciplinary research teams are reshaping our understanding of when and how humans left Africa -- and who they met along the way

 Map of sites and postulated migratory pathways associated with modern humans dispersing across Asia during the Late Pleistocene.

Credit: Bae et al. 2017. On the origin of modern humans: Asian perspectives. Science. Image by: Katerina Douka and Michelle O'Reilly

 

Most people are now familiar with the traditional "Out of Africa" model: modern humans evolved in Africa and then dispersed across Asia and reached Australia in a single wave about 60,000 years ago. However, technological advances in DNA analysis and other fossil identification techniques, as well as an emphasis on multidisciplinary research, are revising this story. Recent discoveries show that humans left Africa multiple times prior to 60,000 years ago, and that they interbred with other hominins in many locations across Eurasia

A review of recent research on dispersals by early modern humans from Africa to Asia by researchers from the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History and the University of Hawai'i at Manoa confirms that the traditional view of a single dispersal of anatomically modern humans out of Africa around 60,000 years ago can no longer be seen as the full story. The analysis, published in the journal Science, reviews the plethora of new discoveries being reported from Asia over the past decade, which were made possible by technological advances and interdisciplinary collaborations, and shows that Homo sapiens reached distant parts of the Asian continent, as well as Near Oceania, much earlier than previously thought. Additionally, evidence that modern humans interbred with other hominins already present in Asia, such as Neanderthals and Denisovans, complicates the evolutionary history of our species.
New model: Multiple dispersals of modern humans out of Africa, beginning as early as 120,000 years ago
The authors brought together findings from multiple recent studies to refine the picture of human dispersals out of Africa and into Asia. While scientists once thought that humans first left Africa in a single wave of migration about 60,000 years ago, recent studies have identified modern human fossils in far reaches of Asia that are potentially much older. For example, H. sapiens remains have been found at multiple sites in southern and central China that have been dated to between 70,000 and 120,000 years ago. Additional finds indicate that modern humans reached Southeast Asia and Australia prior to 60,000 years ago.
However, other recent studies do confirm that all present-day non-African populations branched off from a single ancestral population in Africa approximately 60,000 years ago. This could indicate that there were multiple, smaller dispersals of humans out of Africa beginning as early as 120,000 years ago, followed by a major dispersal 60,000 years ago. While the recent dispersal contributed the bulk of the genetic make-up of present-day non-Africans, the earlier dispersals are still evident.
"The initial dispersals out of Africa prior to 60,000 years ago were likely by small groups of foragers, and at least some of these early dispersals left low-level genetic traces in modern human populations. A later, major 'Out of Africa' event most likely occurred around 60,000 years ago or thereafter," explains Michael Petraglia of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
Multiple interbreeding events
Recent genetic research has resolved the question of whether or not modern humans interbred with other ancient hominins -- they definitely did. Modern humans interbred not only with Neanderthals, but also with our recently-discovered relatives the Denisovans, as well as a currently unidentified population of pre-modern hominins. One estimate is that all present-day non-Africans have 1-4% Neanderthal heritage, while another group has estimated that modern Melanesians have an average of 5% Denisovan heritage. In all, it is now clear that modern humans, Neanderthals, Denisovans and perhaps other hominin groups likely overlapped in time and space in Asia, and they certainly had many instances of interaction.
The increasing evidence of interactions suggests that the spread of material culture is also more complicated than previously thought. "Indeed, what we are seeing in the behavioral record is that the spread of so-called modern human behaviors did not occur in a simple time-transgressive process from west to east. Rather, ecological variation needs to be considered in concert with behavioral variation between the different hominin populations present in Asia during the Late Pleistocene," explains Christopher Bae of the University of Hawai'i at Manoa.
In light of these new discoveries, our understanding of human movements across the Old World has become much more complex, and there are still many questions left open. The authors argue for the development of more complicated models of human dispersals and for conducting new research in the many areas of Asia where none has been done to date. Additionally, it will be important to review materials collected prior to the development of modern analytic methods, to see what more can now be learned from them. "Fortunately," states Katerina Douka, also of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, "there have been an increasing number of multidisciplinary research programs launched in Asia over the past few decades. The information that is being reported is helping to fill in the gaps in the evolutionary records."

Date:

December 7, 2017

Source:

Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History

Summary:

Most people are now familiar with the traditional 'Out of Africa' model: modern humans evolved in Africa and then dispersed across Asia and reached Australia in a single wave about 60,000 years ago. However, technological advances in DNA analysis and other fossil identification techniques, as well as an emphasis on multidisciplinary research, are revising this story. Recent discoveries show that humans left Africa multiple times prior to 60,000 years ago, and that they interbred with other hominins in many locations across Eurasia

Early trilobites had stomachs, new fossil study finds Remarkable Chinese specimens contradict previous assumptions about trilobite digestive systems and evolution

his photo is of a specimen of the trilobite Palaeolenus lantenoisi from the Guanshan Biota in southern Yunnan Province, China. Rarely are internal organs preserved in fossils, but this specimen shows the digestive system preserved as reddish iron oxides. The digestive system is comprised of a crop (inflated region at top of specimen), lateral glands, and a central canal that runs along the length of the body; the iron oxides that extend beyond the fossil are the remains of gut contents that were extruded during preservation.

Credit: © F. Chen

Exceptionally preserved trilobite fossils from China, dating back to more than 500 million years ago, have revealed new insights into the extinct marine animal's digestive system. Published today in the journal PLOS ONE, the new study shows that at least two trilobite species evolved a stomach structure 20 million years earlier than previously thought.Trilobites are one of the first types of animals to show up in large numbers in the fossil record," said lead author Melanie Hopkins, an assistant curator in the Division of Paleontology at the American Museum of Natural History. "Their exoskeletons were heavy in minerals, and so they preserved really well. But like all fossils, it's very rare to see the preservation of soft tissues like organs or appendages in trilobites, and because of this, our knowledge of the trilobite digestive system comes from a small number of specimens. The new material in this study really expands our understanding."

Trilobites are a group of extinct marine arthropods -- distantly related to the horseshoe crab -- that lived for almost 300 million years. They were extremely diverse, with about 20,000 species, and their fossil exoskeletons can be found all around the world. Most of the 270 specimens analyzed in the new study were collected from a quarry in southern Kunming, China, during an excavation led by Hopkins' co-author, Zhifei Zhang, from Northwest University in Xi'an.

Previous research suggests that two body plans existed for trilobite digestive systems: a tube that runs down the length of the trilobite's body with lateral digestive glands that would have helped process the food; or an expanded stomach, called a "crop," leading into a simple tube with no lateral glands. Until now, only the first type had been reported from the oldest trilobites. Based on this, researchers had proposed that the evolution of the crop came later in trilobite evolutionary history and represented a distinct type of digestive system.

The Chinese trilobite fossils, about 20 percent of which have soft tissue preservation, are dated to the early Cambrian, about 514 million years ago. Contradictory to the previously proposed body plans, the researchers identified crops in two different species within this material. In addition, they found a single specimen that has both a crop and digestive glands -- suggesting that the evolution of trilobite digestive systems is more complex than originally proposed.

The study backs up an earlier announcement made by a separate research team, which found evidence for the unusual crop and gland pairing in a single juvenile trilobite specimen from Sweden from the late Cambrian. But the Chinese material presents the oldest example of this complex digestive system in a mature trilobite, wiping away doubts that the dual structures might just be part of the animal's early development.

"This is a very rigorous study based on multiple specimens, and it shows that we should start thinking about this aspect of trilobite biology and evolution in a different way," Hopkins said.

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Story Source:

Materials provided by American Museum of Natural History.Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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Journal Reference:

1. Melanie J. Hopkins, Feiyang Chen, Shixue Hu, Zhifei Zhang.The oldest known digestive system consisting of both paired digestive glands and a crop from exceptionally preserved trilobites of the Guanshan Biota (Early Cambrian, China). PLOS ONE, 2017; 12 (9): e0184982 DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0184982
2. 
   

Did rapid sea-level rise drown fossil coral reefs around Hawaii?

This is a map showing the location of sample collection off of Kawaihae, Hawaii (blue sphere), and a slope profile (below) showing the backstepping younger and shallower terraces overlaying the targeted reef terrace 150m below sea level.

Credit: Bathymetry data from Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, and figure by Kelsey Sanborn, University of Sydney

Scientists globally are investigating just how quickly sea-level rise can occur as a result of global warming and ice sheets melting.

Recent findings suggest that episodes of very rapid sea-level rise of about 20m in less than 500 years occurred in the last deglaciation, caused by periods of catastrophic ice-sheet collapse as Earth warmed after the last ice age about 20,000 years ago.

Lead author, PhD candidate at the University of Sydney, Kelsey Sanborn, has shown this sea-level rise event was associated with "drowning" or death of coral reefs in Hawaii.

The results are published in leading geosciences journalQuaternary Science Reviews.

The paper provides new evidence of a meltwater pulse (referred to as meltwater pulse 1-A), based on analysis of fossil coral reef samples from off the coast of Kawaihae, on the northwest of the Big Island of Hawaii.

Co-author Associate Professor Jody Webster, from the Geocoastal Research Group at the University of Sydney's School of Geosciences, said although this pulse was greater than current modelling predictions of sea-level rise over the next few hundred years, it provides an example of the risks rapid environmental change poses to our marine ecosystems.

"If we saw a sea-level rise in the future of a similar rate as this past event, it would likely devastate coral reefs and coastal systems," Associate Professor Webster said.

The fossil corals used in this study were collected by a team of technical rebreather scuba divers who dove down to 150 m below present sea level to access the fossil reef. At this depth, more than 130m deeper than where you could dive along their living shallow counterparts today, the divers recovered targeted shallow reef species that were alive over 14,700 years ago.

Lead author Ms Sanborn said this coral reef had been growing for thousands of years, during the initially gradual sea-level rise as the ice sheets of the last ice age began to melt.

"During the meltwater pulse, sea level rose more rapidly than the reef could grow, preventing the photosynthetic algae living within the corals from receiving enough sunlight. This caused the previously thriving fringing reef system to drown, and left it to be overgrown by deep-water algae and other marine life," she said.

Although uncertainty remains regarding how quickly coastal areas could be inundated around the world, understanding how these events occurred in the past are key to understanding the risks we face in the future.

"The fact that this meltwater pulse was large enough to drown a large, active Hawaiian reef system implies that extreme climate change and associated sea-level rise occurred quite rapidly," Ms Sanborn said.

This event is believed to have been brought about by catastrophic melting of the Greenland, and potentially also Antarctic, ice sheets.

"This may help us better predict the extent of future sea-level rise based on how vulnerable the Antarctic ice sheet is to collapse and melting," Ms Sanborn said.

The research was a collaborative effort between the University of Sydney, the University of Tokyo, the University of Florida, the University of Granada, the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, the University of Hawaii, and the Association for Marine Exploration.

Research Details

As part of the research, Ms Sanborn examined the evidence for reef drowning by identifying the coral reef species which grow within a specific depth range, and dating them using radiocarbon dating.

Taking into account the sinking of the island due to its volcanism, the relative-sea level history of Kawaihae was reconstructed.

The findings suggest that this reef was rapidly drowned by the combined effects of sinking of the island and global sea-level rise.

This is supported by other studies from around the world showing a rapid sea-level rise around 14,700 years ago.

tory Source:

Materials provided by University of Sydney. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

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Journal Reference:

1. Kelsey L. Sanborn, Jody M. Webster, Yusuke Yokoyama, Andrea Dutton, Juan C. Braga, David A. Clague, Jennifer B. Paduan, Daniel Wagner, John J. Rooney, John R. Hansen.New evidence of Hawaiian coral reef drowning in response to meltwater pulse-1A. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2017; 175: 60 DOI:10.1016/j.quascirev.2017.08.022
2. https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/09/170928094213.htm

BARANG-BARANG SEPELE YANG BERMANFAAT BAGI GEOLOGIST SAAT DI LAPANGAN

Saat Geologist go to field umumnya hanya membawah barang-barang standar untuk observasi dan pengambilan sampel. Kejadian tidak terduga seringkali terjadi namun seringkali juga tidak.

Berikut ini barang-barang sepele yang bermanfaat saat geologist berada di lapangan (Bukan di base Camp)

1. Tea ( Tea Sariwangi yang sudah jadi/siap diminum) (Tea bisa berfungsi sebagai penahan racun ular, jika Anda digigit ular, siramkan tea di tempat gigitan ular tersebut. Tea bisa menahan racun ular atau dapat menormalkan untuk sementara racun tersebut sambil kita membawa korban ke PUSKESMAS/ RS terdekat.)

2. Silet (Silet dalam keadaan genting bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai penunjuk arah utara (Silet Goal) (Geologist jarang kehilangan arah/tersesat; meskipun kompas rusak, GPS tidak berfungsi dll, namun bisa kembali dengan selamat ke tempat tujuan. Hal ini mungkin disebabkan geologist punya daya ingat yang tinggi)) 

3.  Tisu Basa/Kering (Fungsi tisu sebenarnya banyak untuk kebersihan diri, misalnya kita mau BAB namun ditempat itu tak ada air (Tisu basa Cussons bisa jadi solusi dalam pembersihan)

4. Payung (Payung  bisa menjadi tempat kita bertedu di tengah terik matahari saat observasi, seperti yang dibahas pada artikel sebelumnya paparan sinar matahari bisa menyembakan kanker pada geologist saat berada di lapangan) 

5. Hand sanitizer (Hand sanitizer seperti lifebuoy  bisa kita gunakan di lapangan untuk membersikan tangan dari kotoran selesai mengorek-gorek sampel. Hand sanitizer lifebuoy dapat menghilangkan kuman 99,9 % di tengan kita sebelum kita makan )

6. Kantong Sampah (Saat dilapangan jangan buang sampah sembarangan, jika mau buang sampah buang saja dalam tas, kalau tidak mau tas kalian kotor, pakailah kantong sampah.)

Fosil Manusia Purba Tertua Ditemukan, Teori Homo Sapiens Berubah

Fosil manusia purba modern (Homo sapiens) tertua berumur 300 ribu tahun. sciencealert.com. (Dikutip dari Tempo)

TEMPO.CO, Munchen - Fosil manusia purba modern (Homo sapiens) tertua kembali terungkap. Kali ini, ilmuwan berhasil mengungkap fosil H. sapiens berumur 300 ribu tahun. Ini 100 ribu tahun lebih tua ketimbang fosil H. sapiens yang pernah ditemukan. 

Ilmuwan menemukannya pertama kali pada 2004 di Situs Jebel Irhoud, Maroko. Pada penggalian kala itu mereka menemukan tengkorak, tulang tungkai, dan gigi. Fosil ini berasal dari tiga orang dewasa, satu remaja, dan satu anak-anak berumur sekitar delapan tahun.

"Tengkorak ini mirip dengan kita, hanya tempat otaknya berbentuk memanjang. Itu menunjukkan evolusi awal dari tempurung otak yang ada saat ini," tulis para ilmuwan dalam jurnal Nature edisi 7 juni 2017. Artikel tersebut berjudul "New fossils from Jebel Irhoud, Morocco and the pan-African origin of Homo sapiens".

Manusia Maroko ini memikili bentuk otak memanjang, tidak bulat seperti yang ada di manusia masa kini. Ahli paleoantropologi Max Planck Institute, Phillip Gunz, anggota tim, menyatakan bentuk wajah seperti itu sudah ada sejak lama di H. sapiens. Mungkin, kata dia, bentuk otak dan fungsinya berevolusi belakangan.

Sebelumnya, para arkeolog berpikir bahwa spesies H. sapiens tertua berasal dari Situs Omo Kibish di Ethiopia. Fosil yang pernah ditemukan di sana berumur 195 ribu tahun. Temuan ini membuat para ilmuwan berpikir bahwa manusia purba modern berasal dari Afrika timur.

Namun, data terbaru dari Situs Jebel Irhoud jelas mematahkan teori tersebut. "H.sapiens menyebar ke seluruh benua Afrika," kata ahli paleontologi dari Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Jean-Jacques Hublin, yang juga anggota tim studi, seperti dikutip dari laman berita Science Alert.

Fosil manusia purba Maroko ini ditemukan dari satu lapisan tanah dengan tulang hewan, seperti kijang dan zebra. Juga, dengan perkakas baru yang berbentuk mata tombak dan pisau, serta sisa-sisa pembakaran kayu. Dari sisa-sisa bahan organik itulah umur fosil dapat diketahui.

Spesies H. sapiens merupakan satu-satunya manusia yang tertinggal. Sekitar 300 ribu tahun lalu, mereka mungkin berbagi tempat hidup dengan saudara yang ada di daratan Eurasia, H. neanderhalensis, dan manusia Denisova, subspesies H. sapiens.

Ilmuwan memprediksi H. sapiens pertama kali muncul tak lebih dari 650 ribu tahun lalu. Atau saat garis evolusi terbagi menjadi dua: H. sapiens dan H. neanderthalensis. 

Yang jelas temuan ini masih menyisakan misteri. Sebab, kalau dilihat karakteristik semua fosilmanusia purba yang pernah ditemukan, masing-masing memiliki fitur yang sama antara manusia purba modern dan manusia Neanderthal.

Belum ada bukti fosil yang kuat apakah keduanya pernah bertemu dan kawin-mawin, yang akhirnya mengaduk populasi di masing-masing spesies. Atau, perubahan dan fitur yang mirip tersebut karena evolusi panjang.

Sumber : Tempo. Co. Tekno JUM'AT, 09 JUNI 2017 | 11:55 WIB

GLOBAL GEOMORPHOLOGY

Part I ☞ Introduction 
1. Approaches to geomorphology

Part II ☞ Endogenic processes and landforms 
2. Global morphology and tectonics 
3. Landforms and tectonics of plate margins 
4. Landforms and tectonics of plate interiors 
5. Landforms associated with igneous activity 

Part III ☞ Exogenic processes and landforms 
6. Weathering and associated landforms 
7. Slope processes and forms 
8. Fluvial processes 
9. Fluvial landforms 
10. Aeolian processes and landforms 
11. Glacial processes and landforms 
12. Periglacial processes and landforms 
13. Coastal processes and landforms 
14. Climate, climatic change and landform development 

Part IV ☞ Endogenic-exogenic interactions 
15. Rates of uplift and denudation 
16. Tectonics and drainage development 
17. Sea-level change 
18. Long-term landscape development 

Part V ☞ Extraterrestrial landforms 
19. Planetary geomorphology 

✸✸ OVERVIEW ✸✸

➤ This innovative text provides a comprehensive introduction to the subject of global geomorphology, with the emphasis placed on large-scale processes and phenomena. Integrating global tectonics into the study of landforms and incorporating planetary geomorphology as a major component the author discusses the impact of climatic change and the role of catastrophic events on landform genesis and includes a comprehensive study of surface geomorphic processes. 
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FUDAMENTALS of INVERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY (MACROFOSSILS)

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INTRODUCING MINERALOGY

1☞ The basics of mineralogy; 
2☞ Typical mineral occurrences; 
3☞ Atypical concentrations of minerals; 
4☞ Mineral collecting: where science and leisure overlap; 
5☞ Studying mineral assemblages and parageneses; 
6☞ Uses of minerals; 
7☞ Minerals and the environment. Epilogue. Glossary. Further reading and resources.

✸✸ OVERVIEW ✸✸
➤ this book introduces the essence of mineralogy. It begins with the basic chemistry of minerals and the way in which the mineral kingdom is classified. It then considers mineral occurrences, both typical, such as the minerals that largely make up common rocks like granite, and atypical, such as concentrations of rare metals in ore-deposits. The ways in which minerals are studied - using microscopes and the importance of careful observation and interpretation - are discussed, and the topics of mineral collecting and related issues are addressed. The final chapters of the book explore the uses of minerals, both industrial and scientific, and take a look at environmental issues associated with mineral extraction and usage. 
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IRON ORE

1: Introduction☞ overview of the global iron ore industry
Part One☞ Characterization and analysis of iron ore
2☞ Mineralogical, chemical, and physical characteristics of iron ore
3☞ XRD analysis and evaluation of iron ores and sinters
4☞ Automated optical image analysis of natural and sintered iron ore
5☞ Quantitative analysis of iron ore using SEM-based technologies
6☞ Characterization of iron ore by visible and infrared reflectance and, Raman spectroscopies
7☞ Iron ore extraction techniques
8☞ Developments in iron ore comminution and classification technologies
9☞ Developments in the physical separation of iron ore: magnetic separation
10☞ Developments in nonmagnetic physical separation technologies for hematitic/goethitic iron ore
11☞ Developments in the physiochemical separation of iron ore
12☞ Developments in chemical separation of iron ore
13☞ Application of biotechnology in iron ore beneficiation
Part Three: Iron ore agglomeration processes and blast furnace iron-making technology
14☞ Iron ore sintering
15☞ Iron ore pelletization
16☞ Quality requirements of iron ore for iron production
17☞ Recent developments in blast furnace iron-making technology
Part Four☞ Environmental issues and low emission technologies
18☞ Sintering emissions and their mitigation technologies
19☞ Utilization of biomass as an alternative fuel in ironmaking
20☞ Life cycle assessment of iron ore mining and processing

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ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY

Chapter 1: Atoms and nuclei: their physics and origins
Chapter 2: Decay systems and geochronology I
Chapter 3: Decay systems and geochronology II: U and Th
Chapter 4: Geochronology III: other dating methods
Chapter 5: Isotope cosmochemistry
Chapter 6: Radiogenic isotope geochemistry of the mantle
Chapter 7: Radiogenic isotope geochemistry of the continental crust and the oceans
Chapter 8: Stable isotope geochemistry I: Theory
Chapter 9: Stable isotope geochemistry II: High temperature applications
Chapter 10: Stable isotope geochemistry III: Low temperature applications
Chapter 11: Unconventional isotopes and approaches
Chapter 12: Noble gas isotope geochemistry

✸✸ OVERVIEW ✸✸

➤ This book provides a comprehensive introduction to radiogenic and stable isotope geochemistry.

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GLOBOROTALIA ARCHEOMENARDII BOLLI 1957

Globorotalia archeomenardii BOLLI  1957

Referensi: Postuma Cenozoic halaman 316

Umur: N8-9 (Tentative correlation with European time-scale)

Zona Markers: -

Lokasi: Daerah Parengan LP 1

Batuan: Kalkarenit Lidah

Perbesaran mikroskop: 30 X

Deskripsi:

Test low trochospiral (terputar tidak pada satu bidang datar), biconvex (dwicembung), pipih, equatorial periphery (posisi apertur simetri, tepat diatas tepi periphery dari putaran awal cangkang planispiral) agak lobulated; periphery berada disekitar atau sepanjang sumbu lancip dengan/ tidak serupa dengan pseudo-keel.

Dinding test penuh dengan lubang-lubang yang kecil dengan permukaan yang halus.

Kamar-kamar test sangat pipih, tersusun dalam 3 putran; 4-5 kamar putaran terakhir bertambah dengan cepat dalam ukuran.

Sutur melengkung kuat, ramping tertekan sama rata/tinggi; umbilical (Posisi apertur pada awal test) pada sisi radial agak melengkung, tertekan.

Umbilicus  (Ruang yang dibentuk oleh tepi bagian dalam dinding umbilical dari kamar-kamar dalam suatu putaran yang sama) kecil, agak dangkal.

Apertur interiomarginal (Posisi apertur bukaan pada bagian dasar cangkang pada tepi kamar akhir, sepanjang sutur akhir), extraumbilical (Posisi apertur pada kamar akhir disepanjang sutura antara umbilicus dan periphery) dengan  low slit (Bentuk pipih memanjang)

Catatan tambahan: Globorotalia archeomenardii dapat dibedahkan dari Gt. menardii dan Gt. praemenardii yaitu lebih banyak cembung pada sisi spiral, kurang lobulated dan kecil