Kornologi Zaman Es besar di bumi

Kornologi Zaman Es besar di bumi

 

Waktu     (Tahun)                (Peristiwa)

10.000 - sekarang                 Interglacial

15.000-10.000                     Mencairnya lapisan es

20.000-18.000                     Puncak Glasial Terakhir

100.000                               Peristiwa glasial besar

1000.000                             Interglasial besar pertama

3000.000                             Peristiwa glasial pertama di belahan bumi utara

4000.000                             Es menutupi Greenland dan samudera arctic

15.000.000                          Peristiwa kedua glasial besar di Antartika

30.000.000                          Peristiwa pertama glasial besar di Antartika

65.000.000                          Iklim memburuk kedua kutub menjadi lebih dingin

250.000.000-65.000.000     Interval beriklim panas dan secara ralatif iklim bumi

                                            seragam atau sama dibelahan bumi lainnya.

250.000.000                        peristiwa Es besar pada zaman Permian

700.000.000                        peristiwa Es besar sebelum zaman kambrium

2,4 milyar                             Peristiwa zaman es pertama

CHRONOLOGY OF THE MAJOR ICE AGES

CHRONOLOGY OF THE MAJOR ICE AGES

Time   (years)       Event

10,000–present     Present interglacial

15,000–10,000     Melting of ice sheets

20,000–18,000     Last glacial maximum

100,000                Most recent glacial episode

1 million                First major interglacial

3 million                First glacial episode in Northern Hemisphere

4 million                Ice covers Greenland and the Arctic Ocean

15 million              Second major glacial episode in Antarctica

30 million              First major glacial episode in Antarctica

65 million              Climate deteriorates; poles become much colder

250–65                million Interval of warm and relatively uniform climate

250 million            The great Permian ice age

700 million            The great Precambrian ice age

2.4 billion              First major ice age

TERMS FORMATION OF FOSSIL

The life has a relatively hard part forming part of the body composition is relatively hard and resistant. The resistant parts;
• In tumubuhan can be:
1. celulose missal owned by fungi, algae, mycomycites.
2. Silica is owned by: Diatomea, Carex, Equisites (plant ponytail)
3. Calcium carbonate is owned by: Coralina officinalis (red alge), Halimeda (green algae)
• In Animals can be
1. Calcite, eg: Coral, bryozoans, brachiopods, Globigerina, echinoderma.
2. Aragonite: Miliolina, Quinqueloculina, Triloculina (three belong to the order-walled foraminifera porcelain) coral types Madreporaria, Scapopoda (including grade levels of molluscs)
3. Silica missal owned by Radiolaria, Silicispongiae
4. Chitine eg Hydrozoa, Ceratispongiae, Graptozoa and arthropods.
5. Calcium carbonate missal By: Ascidians (including phylum Protozoa), animal bones vetebrata.
Soon Closed, fine grained sedimentary rocks, so it is not possible there is oxygen that is able to invite the presence of bacteria to decay, more perfect if at the time of the life of the dead is at reducing environment.

Soon spared, from the process of destruction as a result of the work force of endogenous or exogenous force or eaten by aerobic or anaerobic bacteria.

The description above suggests to us, that the fossil will not be found in sedimentary rocks that have a coarse grain such as breccia, conglomerate etc. like. The rocks that have the nature of the shaft. So apabilah originally in the rock there is a life to die soon be damaged by bacteria and will not form a fossil
The third condition is absolutely necessary so that the rest of life can form fossils, which is the target hunting paleontologist.

SYARAT TERBENTUKNYA FOSIL

SYARAT TERBENTUKNYA FOSIL

Kehidupan tersebut mempunyai bagian yang relative keras komposisi pembentuk bagian tubuh yang relative keras dan resisten. Bagian yang resisten tersebut ;

·         Pada tumubuhan dapat berupa :

1.      celulosa missal dimiliki oleh Fungi,algae, mycomycites.

2.      Silika dimilki oleh : Diatomea, Carex, Equisites (tanaman ekor kuda)

3.      Kalsium karbonat dimiliki oleh : Coralina officinalis (red alge), Halimeda (green algae)

·         Pada Hewan dapat berupa

1.      Kalsit, missal : Coral, Bryozoa, Brachiopoda, Globigerina, Echinoderma.

2.      Aragonit : Miliolina, Quinqueloculina, Triloculina (ketiganya termasuk dalam ordo foraminifera yang berdinding porselen) coral jenis Madreporaria, Scapopoda (termasuk tingkatan kelas dari molusca)

3.      Silika missal dimiliki oleh Radiolaria, Silicispongiae

4.      Chitine missal Hydrozoa, Ceratispongiae, Graptozoa dan arthropoda.

5.      Kalsium karbonat missal Oleh : Ascidian (termasuk phylum Protozoa), tulang binatang vetebrata.

Segera Tertutup, batuan sedimen yang berbutir halus, sehingga tidak dimungkinkan ada oksigen yang mampu mengundang keberadaan bakteria untuk pembusukan, lebih sempurna apabila pada saat kehidupan tersebut mati berada pada lingkungan reduksi.

Segera terhindar, dari proses pengrusakan sebagai akibat kerja gaya endogen atau gaya eksogen atau dimakan oleh bakteria aerobic atau anaerobic.

            Uraian tersebut diatas mengisyaratkan pada kita, bahwa fosil tidak akan dijumpai pada batuan sedimen yang mempunyai butiran kasar seperti breksi, konglomerat dll sejenisnya. Batuan-batuan tersebut mempunyai sifat poros. Sehingga apabilah semula di dalam batuan itu ada kehidupan yang mati segera akan rusak oleh bakteri dan tidak akan membentuk fosil

            Ketiga syarat tersebut mutlak diperlukan agar sisa kehidupan dapat membentuk fosil, yang merupakan sasaran perburuan paleontologist.

Pseudo Fossil

Natural events can often be traced to that seen in the rock record that can be regarded as a pseudo fossils. The appearance among others;
Ripple marks: show never happened flow of water or wind, indicated by the shape of the cross maze that looks at rock bedding. The appearance of this kind commonly found in fine grained sandstones.
Mudcrack: show once the weather changes from dry conditions. The appearance of such common in claystone.
Raindrop impresions: indicates that the area was never rains. The appearance of such common in claystone and sandstone
Slicken slide: show never happened friction between moving field. On the surface of the rocks found seemed gore-scratches. Terapat surface that is scratch-scratch relatively hard. The appearance of this kind can be found in mudstone or shale

(PALEONTOLOGI) FOSIL SEMU

 FOSIL SEMU

Peristiwa alam sering juga dapat dirunut dengan rekaman yang terlihat di batuan hal tersebut dapat dikatakan sebagai fosil semu. Kenampakan tersebut antara lain;

Ripple marks          : menunjukan pernah terjadi aliran air atau tiupan angin, ditunjukan oleh bentuk silang siur yang tampak pada perlapisan batuan. Kenampakan seperti ini umum  ditemukan pada batupasir berbutir halus.

Mudcrack   : menunjukan pernah terjadi perubahan cuaca dari kondisi kering. Kenampakan seperti itu umum dijumpai pada batulempung.

Raindrop impresions : menunjukan bahwa di daerah itu pernah terjadi hujan. Kenampakan seperti itu umum dijumpai pada batulempung dan batupasir

Slicken slide : menunjukan pernah terjadi gesekan antar bidang yang bergerak. Pada permukaan batuan ditemukan tampak gore-goresan. Permukan yang terapat gores-goresan tersebut relative menjadi keras. Kenampakan seperti ini dapat ditemukan pada batulempung atau serpih

STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS Paleontology: A VARIATION IN THE KNOW ANY TYPE OF LIFE IN TAXONOMY

STANDARD REFERENCE MATERIALS Paleontology: A VARIATION IN THE KNOW ANY TYPE OF LIFE IN TAXONOMY

In studying the lives especially in paleontology needed just a standard known as type. Type is often written with the word type, is something that is used as a reference to identify a type of life in the taxonomy. In paleontology very decisive role types and is used as a standard or benchmark or reference in the description.
Some types of terms that need to be studied, among others;

Type Specimen: a combination of said specimen and specimen type for the purpose, which examined the fossil material / obtained, and the type meant something that is used as a standard. Type specimens, fossil specimens were examined intended and used as a standard.
Spciotype, is a type of fossil that is used as a standard naming species concerned. Something similar genotypes arise term, subspeciotype.
Holotype, is a fossil specimen used as the basis for the description of a new species concerned. The holotype of observations about the nature of the fossils obtained. The holotype hereinafter stored dimuseum, as a scientific document. Bristish museum of natural history, in London, England; Cushman foraminifera research laboratory in the United States; to Utrecht University in The Hague, Netherlands; laboratory of Paleontologia geologia padofa in Italy; geology directorate Bandung, Indonesia, are examples of place names are given legality to save the holotype.
Apabilah later, there are researchers who want to see the truth of the description and the form of the object, the researchers can borrow or see the specimen.
Museotype; is an example of a specimen that is stored in the museum, as a scientific document. Anyone can see and borrow to be used as scientific research. Type specimens are stored as musetype, shall be given a catalog number, the scientific name of the fossil is concerned, the name of the inventor, the year of discovery, full description, the magazine publishing, the name of the magazine for the first time publish new discoveries, are on page number, and number plate and drawings of fossils in question.
Type reference, is referenced (magazine) who first published his discovery of new fossils. (please see the book Postuma)
Neotype, is a substitute apabilah holotype specimen is damaged or missing
Syntype, are the same type and have the same value in the nomenclature
Typeseries, is the number of specimens that show or have the same appearance or as variations
Lectotype, is a specimen that was chosen by other researchers (not the inventor) which is then used as the basis for the description, with a belief that the scientific value in the taxonomy / nomenclature together with the holotype. Examples of fossils in the description by a student in the laboratory, is nothing but a lectotype
Topotype, the location where the holotype, neotype and syntype obtained. Thus apabilah topotype, neotype and syntype missing then as his successor sought lectotype of topotype same.

8 BIG EVENTS THAT OCCURRED AT THE END OF THE AGE CARTECEOUS

8 BIG EVENTS THAT OCCURRED AT THE END OF THE AGE CARTECEOUS
According to Walker and Geissman (2009), Ka? Pur End is the last stage of the life Pratersier covering the time interval anta? Ra 99.6 to 65.5 million years ago. This means that when it takes approximately 34.1 million years. Kala includes six levels sequentially from the old to the young is: Cenomanian (99.6 to 93.5 Mya.), Turonian (93.5 - 89.3 Mya.), Coniacian (89.3 - 85.8 Mya.), Santonian (85.8 - 83.5 Mya.), Campanian (83.5 to 70.6 Mya.) and Maastrichtian (70.6 - 65.5 Mya.). During this period, the climate is warmer than now, although in general show a cooling trend.
Some important geological events occurred in the Late Cretaceous, which include:

Anoxic events that occur at the Cenomanian / Turonian (Bonarelli events) associated with a number of marine species extinction event (Kara? Kitsios DRR., 2007).

A long period of normal polarity on Coniacian (Cretaceous Magnetic Quiet Zone) (Ogg and Bardot, 2001)

Iridium anomaly increased Dras? Tis up to 200 times the normal value at the peak of the Cretaceous Maastrichtian or limit / Tertiary (K / T boundary) (Keller DRR., 2004)

Laramide Orogeny, namely the removal of a massive event on the ham? Pir all parts of the world, among others, form a series of the Himalayas and the Rocky Mountain (De? Celles, 2004).

Giant meteor falling evidenced by the Chicxulub crater in the Yucatan of Mexico with a diameter of about 280 km (Alvarez DRR., 1980) and Shiva crater in the Arabian Sea with a diameter of about 600 km (Nayak, 2002).

Supervolcano erupted in India (Deccan traps) (Nayak, 2002).

Fire, In the Cretaceous in addressing find any indication that a great fire which resulted in the extinction of most organisms. (Monoarfa Marchel, 2014)

Mass extinction of many groups of organisms, including ammonites, genuine, bellemnites, rudistid, and se? Large part of the group of diatoms, dinoflagellates, brakhiopoda, molluscs, echinoid, foraminifera, and nanoplank? Tonnes (Keller DRR., 2004).

DEVELOPMENT NANOPLANKTON IN THE END TIMES LIME

DEVELOPMENT NANOPLANKTON IN THE END TIMES LIME

Late Cretaceous sediments common? Its rich nanoplankton because at that age, nanoplankton has a very wide geographical deployment and largely preserved in sediments. Nanoplankton in many cross-section set sediments are generally dominated by Genera Watznaueria, Micula, Arkhan? Gelskiella, Cribrosphaerella, Eiffellithus, Predicosphaera, and Retecapsa.
No fluctuation significant progress in addition to the emergence and extinction of some species which occurs gradually in the Late Cretaceous age intervals. The most dramatic development would occur at the peak of the Late Cretaceous (K / T boundry), when set nanoplankton very abundant and diverse changes immediately upon entering the Tertiary age to be very rare and not as diverse as se? Big part of mass extinction. According to Bown (1999), twelve species of eleven genera successfully passed the K / T boundry. Meanwhile, the results of research Panuju (2009) one of the cross section of the wells in the Santos of Brazil revealed that 94% of species have become extinct nanoplankton Late Cretaceous, leaving only 6% of survivors when entering Tertiary meli? Puti seven species of the total abundance of only 21 specimens, ie Braar? dosphaera bigelowii, Biscutum melaniae, Neocrepidolithus neocrassus, Placozygus sigmoides, Cyclagelosaphaera reinhardtii, Markalius inversus, and Scapolithus fossilis.

(PALEONTOLOGY ) STANDART ACUAN BAKU PALEONTOLOGY : VARIASI SUATU TIPE DALAM MENGENAL SUATU JENIS KEHIDUPAN DALAM TAKSONOMI

ZAMAN KAPUR

8PERISTIWA BESAR YANG TERJADI PADA ZAMAN KAPUR AKHIR